Hi Jesse,
Almost all of these can be looked up in Appendix "A" of the the User manual (page 67) by putting "qb" in front of them - for example, "preempt" permission is essentially the ability to execute the "qbpreempt" command.
However, "bump" is an exception - this is the ability to execute "qbtop" or "qbbottom" - moving a job to the top/bottom of it's priority (within a given priority, jobs are normally executed in a FIFO order).
"qbshove" was originally an internal debugging tool - it essentially generates an event, that makes the queuing algorithm re-evaluate the state of the listed job ID(s). It has a permission attached to it, because everything gets a permission attached to it, but it doesn't actually "do" anything to the job.